The Movie Mommie Dearest - 926 Words

Joan Crawford was a fantastic actor, wildly famous, and extremely wealthy as far as everyone knew, but what you didn’t see behind the curtains was a person with too many issues known only by a few close people, such as her daughter. Christiana Crawford, Joan’s daughter, wrote a book about her childhood experience and then created it into a movie for everyone to understand why her mother was crazy. In the movie Mommie Dearest her psychological disorders shinned through, rather than her fame and fortune. Some specific personality disorders can easily be identified in some scenes from the movie such as: obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), borderline disorder, narcissistic disorder, and bipolar disorder. Obsessive- compulsive personality disorder, or OCD is very well known around the world because some of us believe that we have it. OCD is when a person is becomes anxious about certain subjects like rules, cleanliness, money, or other obsessions on a day-to-day basis (Rat hus, 2010, p. 507). In the movie Mommie Dearest it is very clear that Joan has a big OCD problem. In the beginning of the movie, the scene starts with her getting ready for the day and how it has to be exactly the same at the exact same time, or everything will fall apart. Another example of Joan’s OCD is the cleanliness of her house. She would go around her house with a white glove and test for dust because she needed things clean, which is one of her anxieties. If it wasn’t cleaned correctly, she wouldShow MoreRelatedMommie Dearest : Movie Analysis1325 Words   |  6 Pagesindividual (Rathus, 2010). One way to learn how to identify these disorders is through movie analysis. Movies can help the understanding of psychological and personality disorders because people can get a better understanding from a â€Å"show me, not tell me† aspect. It is hard for a student to understand what these disorders actually are unless, they are able to see them in a scenario. Fo r example, the film Mommie Dearest, directed by Frank Perry, is a story about a actress named Joan Crawford and she hasRead MoreEssay On The Movie Mommie Dearest909 Words   |  4 Pagesbe clearly distinguished from personality. While we aren’t trained psychologists, everyone can learn how to learn these disorders and identify them in movies and TV, or even real life! A movie that can help you learn how to identify and have a better understanding of these disorders is â€Å"Mommie Dearest†. This movie is based off a book about a famous actress Joan Crawford who had multiple disorders. The disorders Joan Crawford possessed was Bipolar, Narcissistic, Obsessive Compulsive Personality DisorderRead MoreMomie Dearest : Psychological Disorders In The Movie Mommie Dearest1168 Words   |  5 Pagesmotion pictures to detect and analyze disorders. For example, in the movie â€Å"Mommie Dearest†, it is not hard to identify the psychological and personality disorders Joan Crawford possesses, despite not being trained psychologists. After viewing the movie and analyzing the character, it is clear to see the Joan Crawford possesses the disorders of Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissism, and Bipolar disorders. Throughout the movie Mommie Dearest, it is clear that the most prominent personality disorder JoanRead MoreTheme Of Personality Disorder In The Movie Mommie Dearest1177 Words   |  5 Pagespatterns of inflexible traits that disrupt social life or work and may distress the affected individual. A great deal of these disorders go unnoticed, and/or undiagnosed. One way to learn how to identify these disorders is through movie analysis. For example, the film â€Å"Mommie Dearest†, directed by Frank Perry, is a story about Joan Crawford and her struggles with personality disorders. Joan Crawford demonstrates the personality disorders of Bipolar Disorder, Histrionic Disorder, Narcissistic Disorder, andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie No Wire Hangers 891 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"No wire hangers!† What would be a normal thing to find in an average persons home is not accepted in Joan Crawford’s home. This posses the question why in the movie Mommie Dearest does Mrs. Crawford have a dilemma with wire hangers in her closet? Why does she have so many mental complications in general? Although to the public, Joan seems like a striving successful actress she obviously has some underlying issues. She has developed her personality disorders her whole life, but how she got them isRead MoreAnalysis Of Mommie Dearest, Directed By Frank Perry1601 Words   |  7 PagesOne way to identify these types of disorders is through movies. For example, the film Mommie Dearest, directed by Frank Perry is a story told from the perspective of Joan Crawford’s adoptive daughter, Christina. The movie Mommie Dearest thoroughly displays how challenging Christina’s life is along with how she must deal with certain experiences because of the disorders her mother portrays. Throughout the movie Joan Crawford demonstrates the different psychological and personality disorders of, bipolarRead MoreDiagnostic Paper on Joan Crawford2376 Words   |  10 PagesJoan Craw ford acted in musical revues, was a flapper during the Roaring Twenties, acted in silent films, was among the first actresses in the first ‘talkie’ films, and climbed her way to the top of the cinema ranks becoming one of the most famous movie stars of all time (â€Å"American Legends,† 2013, loc.30). However, Crawford’s rags-to-riches course encompassed a post-war era pathology in which women attempted to breakthrough former expectations of gender roles in American society. In examining Joan’sRead MoreCase Study Pepsi9679 Words   |  39 Pagestelevision medium provided a perfect forum; Pepsi advertisements presented young Americans drinking The Light Refreshment and having fun. By the time Alfred Steele married movie star Joan Crawford in 1954, a transformation of the company was well underway. Crawford s adopted daughter, Christina, noted in her best-seller  Mommie Dearest:   [Steele had] driven Pepsi into national prominence and distribution, second only to his former employer, Coca-Cola. Pepsi was giving Coke a run for its money in every

The Emergence of the Third Sector in Many Industrialized...

Chapter Two: Literature Review Chapter Introduction This chapter presents a review of the relevant peer-reviewed and scholarly literature concerning the emergence of the so-called third sector in many industrialized countries in recent years, the manner in which these trend have created the social enterprise movement and how these initiative are playing out in a real-world organization in Zambia. A summary of the research and important findings are presented in the chapters conclusion. Background and Overview In recent years, there has been an extraordinary growth of the so-called third sector in virtually all industrialized countries in the world and this growth is having an increasingly profound effect on helping impoverished peoples overcome the wide range of social and economic forces that are frequently arrayed against them. For instance, according to Borzaga and Defourney (2001), This sector is involved in the regulation of economic life when, for example, associations or social co-operatives are the partners of public authorities in the task of helping back into work poorly qualified unemployed people, who are at risk of permanent exclusion from the labor market (p. 1). The non-profit, or third sector, has assumed new relevance and importance for many people who have been marginalized and do not have access to other resources for economic development (Yuan, 2005; Kim, 2011). Social Enterprise For instance, some ocial enterprise is a simpleShow MoreRelatedCapital Theories Of Capital Theory2374 Words   |  10 Pages2. Literature Review (2,370) Capital theory FDI has only been treated as separate to traditional theories of capital movements in the internationally sphere since the 1950s (ref: lit review copied text). It became a system and theory in its own right in response to undertakings to understand the inadequacies in projected investment return from different countries, and began to differentiate between them as individual systems. A study by Mundell (1960) showed that some American firms were actuallyRead MoreA Case Study Of German Fdi3654 Words   |  15 PagesMULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISES Seminar tutor: DR. AYING LIU Word count: 3069 DATE OF SUBMISSION: 15TH May, 2015. â€Æ' Table of Contents 1 Abstract:- 3 2 Introduction:- 3 2.1 Over view 4 3 Literature Review:- 4 4 Background of the Country:- 6 4.1 Germany:- 6 4.2 China:- 6 5 German foreign direct investments in china:- 7 6 Motives for German foreign direct investment in China 8 6.1 Ownership advantages:- 10 6.2 Location advantages:- 10 6.3 Internalization advantages:-Read MoreEffect of Internal Controls on Financial Performance11978 Words   |  48 Pagessignificantly different in regard to many characteristics (Gartner et al., 1989) have to be taken into account. In line with the above, there have been challenging debates all over the world on the role played by Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) towards economic development. Therefore, a vast literature on the growth and performance of SMEs has been developed over the years. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) have had a privileged treatment in the development literature, particularly over the last twoRead MoreFinancialization Essay7910 Words   |  32 Pagesby Thomas I. Palley The Levy Economics Institute and Economics for Democratic and Open Societies Washington, D.C. December 2007 Paper presented at a conference on â€Å"Finance-led Capitalism? Macroeconomic Effects of Changes in the Financial Sector,† sponsored by the Hans Boeckler Foundation and held in Berlin, Germany, October 26–27, 2007. My thanks to conference participants for their valuable suggestions. All errors in the paper are my own. Comments may be sent to mail@thomaspalley.comRead MoreHrm in Japan, Usa and Europe9900 Words   |  40 Pagescollectivism. In pursuit of such short-term profit goals, American firms emphasized cost reduction measures such as removal of discretionary expenditures like training and research and reducing employee headcount. Apart from differences in values, the emergence of HRM is further attributed to the pressures experienced in the product markets during the 1980-1982 recession in the United States of America; the decline of trade unionism; challenges emanating from overseas competitors especially Japan and decliningRead MoreBarriers to Successful Implementation of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies Within Small and Medium Industries in Kenya5776 Words   |  24 Pagesof these technologies to realize their potential. The results of this survey have implications for innovation research and stakeholders in governmental and non-governmental organizations seeking the successful implementation of AMTs within the SMI sector. Key words: AMT Implementation, SMIs, Kenya, Organizational Structure INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH OBJECTIVE SMIs need to remain competitive and produce high quality outputs of goods and services that larger organizations need at the industryRead MoreBarriers to Successful Implementation of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies Within Small and Medium Industries in Kenya5765 Words   |  24 Pagesof these technologies to realize their potential. The results of this survey have implications for innovation research and stakeholders in governmental and non-governmental organizations seeking the successful implementation of AMTs within the SMI sector. Key words: AMT Implementation, SMIs, Kenya, Organizational Structure INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH OBJECTIVE SMIs need to remain competitive and produce high quality outputs of goods and services that larger organizations need at the industryRead MoreEcological Concern in International Business6824 Words   |  28 PagesIn this globalization era many industries seek expansion not just limited to their own nation but to go international and seek new market for their products and services. The environmental standards and norms play a significant role in determining the competitiveness of products and goods on the international market. Environmental responsibility is a vital component of a business strategy as it not only helps the environment, but it wins the trust of communities and gains the respect of the governmentsRead MoreAchievement of the Millennium Development Goals (Mdgs) for Education in Ethiopia14429 Words   |  58 Pagesand innovation. It is an instrument used to produce skilled manpower which is the driving force behind any development endeavor. The development of human resources has been recognized as one of the major challenges that are facing the developing countries in the process of achieving economic and social development. This problem can only be alleviated through improvements and expansion of education. It plays a key role in enhancing economic progress, improving individual welfare and social developmentRead MoreImpact of Emerging Markets on Marketing15122 Words   |  61 Pagesthis article is that five key characteristics—market heterogeneity, sociopolitical governance, chronic shortage of resources, unbranded competition, and inadequate infrastructure—of emerging markets are radically different from the traditional industrialized capitalist society, and they will require us to rethink the core assumptions of marketing, such as market orientation, market segmentation, and differential advantage. To accommodate these characteristics, we must rethink the marketing perspective

Manipulating Antioxidant Intake in Asthma

Question: Discuss about the Manipulating Antioxidant Intake in Asthma. Answer: Introduction: Agree. Diet plays an important role in the management of asthma and it has to be modified to decrease the risk of asthma- exacerbations. National-Asthma Council-Australia (2016) has stated that nutrition presents as a vital conditioning factor in various illnesses especially asthma. They hypothesized that some constituents of diet seems to increase or decrease exacerbations. The nurses are indented to provide a patient- centered care depending on their individual needs as well as understanding their preferences, values with beliefs (including dietary aspects). A nurse has to develop a framework for identifying, solving, evaluating the problem (nutrition) and improving the practice (Brown, 2015).Hence, nurses have to identify the triggering factors in certain diets that could lead to asthma exacerbations and plan accordingly. Various studies suggest that unsaturated fats could treat allergies and decrease asthma exacerbation. There are two types of poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as omega-3 PUFAs which is present in animals and fishes and omega-6 PUFAs that is present in plants (sun-flower, olive canola oil) (Weichselbaum, 2013). Un-saturated fats are essential for reducing the inflammatory as well as severity of asthma. Fish oil is rich in omega-3 PUFAs especially ei-cosapentaenoic as well as do-cosahexaenoic acid that protects the asthmatic patients from inflammation and exacerbation. A study conducted by Weichselbaum (2013) suggests that increased intake ofomega-3 PUFAs has reduced the risk for asthmatic features in children and adults.When fish oils are consumed by pregnant, lactating and early-postnatal mothers with asthma, it is found to have improved their respiratory function (DAuria, 2014). Intake of omega-3 PUFAs with vitamin-D and folic acid at the time of pregnancy has showed to promote fetal development and neonatal immune-modulatory efficiency with reduction of allergic diseases. Breast milk helps to reduce the risk for getting asthma in children as it contains airborne-antigens, IgA, tolerogenic factors, etc that alters the immune- responses to allergens. According to Lisa (2012), antioxidants as vitamin- C, E with selenium are observed to prevent oxidative injury that in-turn reduces inflammation triggered by an allergen. Supplementation of Vitamin- C in diet has shown to reduce the severity and frequency of asthma and exercise-induced broncho-spasm. At-least an increase in intake of 100mg of Vitamin-C per day is found to increase 10-50 ml of forced expiratory-volume in 1 second and hence vitamin-C act as a preventer of asthma exacerbation. Selenium acts as a co-factor for the synthesis of anti-oxidant enzyme (glutathione peroxidase) that is required for counter-oxidation as well as to decrease the synthesis of leukoritine-B (inflammatory mediator), thus reducing exacerbations. According to Health-Direct Australia (2013), various types of fibre from different plants has to be consumed to prevent exacerbations. In Australia, a man is recommended to consume 30g of dietary fibre/day and a woman to take 25g/day. A study conducted by Smith (2015) concluded that a high-fibre diet is found to change gut bacteria of expectant mothers that might prevent the development of asthmatic symptoms in fetus. The nurses should conduct a dietary assessment and work along with dieticians to prepare an individualized menu plan by considering the foods that could prevent and reduce asthma exacerbation. A nurse has to educate the asthmatic patients about the importance of diet modification to prevent complications. Reference Brown, D et al. (2015). Lewiss medical-surgical nursing: assessment and management of clinical problems. Chatswood, NSW: Mosby/Elsevier DAuria, E et al. (2014). Omega-3 fatty acids and asthma in children.Allergy And Asthma Proceedings: The Official Journal Of Regional And State Allergy Societies. 35(3): 233-240.doi:10.2500/aap.2014.35.3736 Health Direct Australia. (2013). High Fibre foods and diet. Retrieved fromhttps://www.healthdirect.gov.au/high-fibre-foods-and-diet Lisa, G. W. (2012).Manipulating antioxidant intake in asthma: a randomized controlled trial: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Retrieved from https://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/96/3/534.long National Asthma Council Australia. (2016).Healthy Living Fact Sheets. Retrieved from https://www.nationalasthma.org.au/publication/triggers-house-dust-mites Smith, M. (2015). Could eating a high-fibre diet during pregnancy stop your child from developing asthma?. Retrieved fromhttps://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE %7CA419376838v=2.1u=acuniit=rp=ITOFsw=wasid=08c2c6cd9083b6e993f6eb50ecc2c275 Weichselbaum, E. (2013). Fish in the diet: A review:Nutrition Bulletin. 38(2): 128-177. doi:10.1111/nbu.120

Substance Abuse In The Workplace Essays - Drug Control Law

Substance Abuse in the Workplace As widespread drug use is on the rise, many employers have begun to worry about the performance of their employees. Absenteeism, injuries, loss of productivity, employee morale, theft and fatalities are just some of the causes of drug use in the workplace. The idea of drug testing among workers has developed from society's concern over a perceived increase in the use of drugs and the relation between drug use and impairment, with resultant risks to the worker, fellow workers and the public. As early as 1987, 21% of employers had instituted drug-testing programs. Employers have begun to think that mass drug tests are the answer to their problems. What many of these employers don't know is that there are many problems that surround drug testing at work. One of the biggest of these problems is whether or not it is constitutional to conduct drug tests on the employees. Employers fail to educate themselves with established or recent laws about drug testing in the workplace and about huma n rights. Also, mass, low-cost screening tests may not be reliable or valid. Alcohol testing does not differentiate casual drinking from alcohol dependence or alcoholism. Drug tests can create an untrustworthy environment for the employees. There are better ways to address substance abuse. Drug testing in the workplace is an important issue for all of Canada's labour force, regardless if it's you're first job or if you've had a steady job for 30 years. Many employees, who have had to subjugate themselves to degrading and demeaning drug tests, feel that these tests violate their constitutional rights. It is an infringement on their privacy. In order for the tests to make sure there is no specimen tampering there must be an administrator present to oversee every action the employee makes during their drug test. For tests such as hair and breath testing this does present a major problem, but for urine tests men and women alike are disturbed by the direct observation of their urine collection. Unfortunately, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms applies only to the laws and actions of the federal and provincial governments and their agencies. It does not apply to the policies and actions of private employers. The Charter therefore does not protect private sector employees from unreasonable drug testing. It is necessary to state that currently an employer can terminate an employee's job if the employee has been using illegal drug s and alcohol, but only if such use is not considered a disability. Alcohol or drug addiction can be viewed as a physical and/or mental disability. In Ontario, the Ontario Human Rights, Citizenship, and Multiculturalism Act prohibit employment discrimination based on disability. Employers have a responsibility to accommodate employees who are disabled. Drug testing has not been proven to be against the Canadian Human Rights Commission. "In order to institute a drug testing policy into a company which complies with human rights legislation, an employer must be able to demonstrate that the testing is related to job performance, and not just substance abuse." Many employees feel that drug testing is a way of discriminating against people who might have a drug and/or alcohol disability. An example of such discrimination is found in Entrop v. Imperial Oil Ltd. The Ontario Board of Inquiry found that Imperial Oil Limited discriminated against Martin Entrop, a senior operator at the Sarni a Refinery, because of a disability. The Board of Inquiry found that "under a new Alcohol and Drug Policy introduce in 1992, Imperial Oil employees in "safety-sensitive" positions were required to notify management if they currently had or had previously had a substance abuse problem." After Mr.Entrop heard that this policy was coming into effect he informed his employer that he had had an alcohol problem about ten years earlier, that he had attended Alcoholics Anonymous, and that he had abstained from using alcohol since 1984. Mr. Entrop had been an employee for seventeen years and he had had no problems at work that were related to substance abuse, but Imperial Oil's policy required that Mr.Entrop be immediately removed form his current position. This example clearly shows that it is discriminatory to terminate a person's job because of a past or

The National and International Higher Education Agenda †Education Essay

The National and International Higher Education Agenda – Education Essay Free Online Research Papers The National and International Higher Education Agenda Education Essay Essay question: according to Jones(2001:1): ‘ In the last decade, the concept of a set of generic skills, qualities and attributes that support lifelong learning has become firmly placed on the national and international higher education agenda’Discuss the major factors that have led to such a concept being placed on the ‘higher education agenda’. Is there general agreement at a national and international level about what is included in ‘a set of generic skills, qualities and attributes that support lifelong learning’? In the last decade, the nation and international higher education agenda has been become placed on by a set of generic skills, qualities and attribute that support lifelong learning. There are three major factors that are educational, economic, political or social factors, which stimulate consider able debate across the higher education, employment and government sectors. These majors factors which have led to such a concept being placed on the ‘higher education agenda’. They have general agreement at a national and international level. This essay will discuss the function and effects from generic skill to major factors that support lifelong learning that have agreement in the nation and international higher education agenda. The most important factor is higher education. It is an agreement to policy and government, which provide people to have a variety of skill and personal attributes in the workplace. Today being employees should able to have different tasks such as demonstrate teamwork, problem solving and the capacity to deal with non-routine process (NCVER p60). All graduates of higher education from Clandy and Ballard(1995) have three groups: generic skill, attribute and values; acquisition of a body of knowledge; professional/technical or other job related skill. The process of defining generic skill in Australia is about work and life; about employability. In a recent time, attitude and communication skill are the most important factor to employees, but today, generic skill include them and provides more information should learn in the higher education. Employers have to know how to solve problems, how to make decisions, how to find a best way to organize work teams and improve workers attitudes or disposition. Because of this, the quality of graduate outcome should be higher across employment. For example, at Macquarie University, generic skills are more difficult because of developing the attributes valued in a university graduate(Fraser 2001). However, the development of attributes is not for every generic skill. Critics has argument that this is unrealistic and too fantasy to the pursuit of goal of graduate with desirable generic attributes and skills. In my opinions, some of functions from the pursuit from generic attributes and skills maybe too idealization to achieve, but it does not mean unrealistic. For example, there are varies of skills from generic skill from the higher education which are very useful, but universities just can choose some of generic skills that good for its own set of generic skills(Fraser 2001). Most of universities develop different skills then ensure that each of the generic skill is addressed across the course structure. This strategy of education in universities provides more notably employers and professional bodies. Macquarie University also creates the same structure to attract people who want to study the related skills. Generic skills come from the higher education, which means all generic skills belong to the higher education at the national and international level. However, generic skills are changing while the higher education is changing. It is one part of the higher education. Now some of ge neric skills are carried to the subjects should be learn in the school, which are the evident to support lifelong learning. Employment is the second important factors being placed on the ‘higher education agenda’. According to examples in the higher education we know, employers should able to have more different skills. Employment is the main process about the productivity to develop economy. A good economic structure can build a prosperous and strong country. This is a reason why employability should be developing. Employment is the main process with the productivity to develop. The speed of advance decides how much knowledge employees keep on learning and how fast the economy is growing. Higher efficiency and quality of productivity need to have a good organization and good workers. A best workplace is marked by flexibility, fast response time, and managerial and technological innovation(Stasz el al 1996). Employers have responsibility to increase the whole working process. Innovation and speed are developing through team of workers when they are planning, organizing, repairing, maintenance s, and support function. In the recent time, work teams should have supervisors to manage, but now there is less supervision to control because employees have higher and more varied skills. From the information in the box ‘common elements of various listings of generic skills’(NCVER 2003), employment includes all generic 6 kinds of generic skills: basic/fundamental skills, people-related skills, conceptual/thinking skill, personal skills and attributes, skills related to the business world, skill related to the community. Employment also has varies of jobs can be chose, not every generic skills should choose, but most of them should know to being an employees or an employers. In the future, they maybe all have to learn to employees that support lifelong learning. Government is other factor which being place on the ‘higher education agenda’. It can decide the policy effect a country. Any problems and changes should be had a agreement from government to have a solution and perform. Government provides the suggestions or orders to implement such as in 1992 the Higher Education Council (HEC) report, describes more information about what students in universities should study; and stressed the need for universities to be more accountable for the development in students of the generic skill and support lifelong learning(Jones 2004). According to the development of economic and education factors, government tries to provide the better policy to simulate the change to build positives development from them. Because of this, lifelong learning is also important to government. It likes a supervisor to look after and control and make decision to any change that good or bad to the development. The policy is changed may create progress to the co untry. The best policies can increase the productivity in a countries and good for citizen, and then become motivation to work hard, create higher productivity. Government has generic skills such as skill related to the agreement of community, basis skills, thinking skills are used by governments at the national and international level. Because most time government should make suggestions and decisions, thinking skills are very important to government to support lifelong learning. Finally, these three major factors are included in ‘a set of generic skills, qualities and attributes that support lifelong learning’. Lifelong learning is creation to a set of generic skills that provide better quality of productivity and development. In the last decade, compare to the example in the recent time, we can know the different between before development and after development. Following the argument about unrealistic from generic skill to the goal changes, we will know this is not unrealistic but people still are improving. Most of skills need to spend time to be researched and deliberated, and practice. Lifelong learning helps people developing as soon as possible as long as people know how to improve with generic skills from the major factors at the national and international level. Question: Is there general agreement at a national and international level about what is included in ‘a set of generic skills, qualities and attributes that support lifelong learning’? Yes. From the employment, there are high demand of generic skill in the workplace. It helps employers seeking to ensure business success, maintain family and community relationships. The process of defining generic skills in Australia which are relevant to work and life generally; related to employability(NCVER 2003). Because now most jobs need employers have varies skills and most community skills to solve problems, make decision, take responsibilities, can manage the work team, which is different as the recent time, just the communication skill is important in the workplace. From the higher education, at Macquarie University, generic skills increase level of graduate in order to develop attribute and continued improving varies of skills(Fraser 2001). It should change in a cycle time because the higher education is changing and become more professional. From the government, a Higher Education council(HEC) report from Australia government in 1992, Developing Lifelong Learners through Undergraduate Education,(Candy et al 1994) stressed the need for universities to be more accountable for the development in students of the generic skills and attributes which support lifelong learning. According the example of agreement, there is general agreement at a national and international level about what is included in ‘a set of generic skills, qualities and attributes that support lifelong learning. Reference list Jones, J. (2001). Generic Attributes: an Agenda for Reform or Control. Paper presented at Changing Identities: Language and Academic Skills Conference, University of Wollongong. Retrieved November 29-30, 2001, from http://learning.uow.edu.au/LAS2001/selected/jones 2.pdf NCVER (National Center for Vocational Education Research). 2003. Defining Generic skills: At a glance. Adelaide: NCVER Fraser, S. (2001). Graduate attributes and generic skills at Macquarie University. And Gladly Teche, vol. 1. Research Papers on The National and International Higher Education Agenda - Education EssayInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesResearch Process Part OneStandardized TestingPETSTEL analysis of IndiaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesThree Concepts of PsychodynamicAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2

Biography of Kit Carson

Biography of Kit Carson Kit Carson became widely known in the mid-1800s as a trapper, guide, and frontiersman whose daring exploits thrilled readers and inspired others to venture westward. His life, for many, came to symbolize the hardy traits Americans needed to survive in the West. In the 1840s Carson was being mentioned in newspapers in the East as a noted guide who had lived among the Indians in the region of the Rocky Mountains. After guiding an expedition with John C. Fremont, Carson visited Washington, D.C., in 1847 and was invited to dinner by President James K. Polk. Lengthy accounts of Carons visit to Washington, and accounts of his adventures in the West, were printed widely in newspapers in the summer of 1847. At a time when many Americans were dreaming of heading westward along the Oregon Trail, Carson became something of an inspirational figure. For the next two decades Carson reigned as something of a living symbol of the West. Reports of his travels in the West, and periodic mistaken reports of his death, kept his name in the newspapers. And in the 1850s novels based on his life appeared, making him an American hero in the mold of Davy Crockett and Daniel Boone. When he died in 1868 the Baltimore Sun reported it on page one, and noted that his name has been the synonym of wild adventure and daring to all Americans of the present generation. Early Life Christopher Kit Carson was born in Kentucky on December 24, 1809. His father had been a soldier in the Revolutionary War, and Kit was born the fifth of 10 children in a fairly typical frontier family. The family moved to Missouri, and after Kits father died his mother apprenticed Kit to a sadder. After learning to make saddles for a time, Kit decided to strike out westward, and in 1826, at the age of 15, he joined an expedition that took him along the Santa Fe trail to California. He spent five years on that first western expedition and considered that his education. (He received no actual schooling, and did not learn to read or write until late in life.) After returning to Missouri he left again, joining an expedition to northwestern territories. He was engaged in fighting against the Blackfeet Indians in 1833, and then spent about eight years as a trapper in the western mountains. He married a woman of the Arapahoe tribe, and they had a daughter. In 1842 his wife died, and he returned to Missouri where he left his daughter, Adaline, with relatives. While in Missouri Carson met the politically-connected explorer John C. Fremont, who hired him to guide an expedition to the Rocky Mountains.   Famous Guide Carson traveled with Fremont on an expedition in the summer of 1842. And when Fremont published an account of his trek which became popular, Carson was suddenly a famous American hero.   In late 1846 and early 1847 he fought in battles during a rebellion in California, and in the spring of 1847 he came to Washington, D.C., with Fremont. During that visit he found himself very popular, as people, especially in the government, wanted to meet the famous frontiersman. After having dinner at the White House, he was eager to return West. By the end of 1848 he was back in Los Angeles. Carson had been commissioned an officer in the U.S. Army, but by 1850 he was back to being a private citizen. For the next decade he was engaged in various pursuits, which included fighting Indians and trying to run a farm in New Mexico. When the Civil War broke out he organized a volunteer infantry company to fight for the Union, though it mostly battled with local Indian tribes. An injury to his neck from a horseback accident in 1860 created a tumor that pressed on his throat, and his condition worsened as the years went on. On May 23, 1868, he died at a U.S. Army outpost in Colorado.

Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Education - Essay Example In addition, US government supports education to reduce illiteracy, criminal activities, and drug abuse behaviours that are prevalent with the uneducated. This paper discusses education in the US as a social issue. The two theories quoted in literature trying to explain or predict student’s performance include needs theory and expectancy theory. According to Geiger and Coopers, â€Å"expectancy theory suggests that motivation to act is a combination of the perceived attractiveness of future outcomes and the likelihood one’s actions will lead to these outcomes† (Geiger and Coopers 1995). This means that to motivate a student to work hard depends on their perceptions of the academic performance and in their beliefs that after hard work they will yield great results. The second traditional that attempt to explain academic success suggests that motivating students to perform depends on their intrinsic individual needs. Individual student’s motivational behavio ur is influenced by their desire to achieve, to dominate, to belong to a certain affiliation, or autonomy. The two theories differ in that motivation from students may come from some needs in the subconscious mind or by a conscious choice. A concern on whether educational opportunities are equal to all lingers many minds. According to Collins, â€Å"Social reproduction theory argues that schools are not institutions of equal opportunity but mechanisms for perpetuating social inequalities† (Collins 2009). Researchers have associated three perspectives in the analysis of the emergence and development of social reproduction, which include economic, cultural, and linguistic. Despite different analysis to understand how social inequality results from the interplay of schools, classrooms, and the wider society, no solution exists yet (Collins 2009). Conflict theory believes that the society is full of a community with different values and social rewards. It views relations in socie ty as based on exploitation, oppression, domination, and subordination. Teachers equally behave in the same manner whereby they use traditional teaching curriculum and expect students to get some support from their parents in the evenings but this is not normally the case. The state gauge knowledge passed to its students via the curriculum, which in most cases does not make sense to the students. Structural functionalism views institutions of education as gateways that keep order and meaning to a society. Through socialization, the society produces citizens after equipping them with knowledge, attitudes and values the need. These theories together with political arithmetic helps one understand the structural mechanism in educational inequalities. Implicitly, schools have central role of assisting immigrants in adapting to the new lives they find themselves. This is where immigrant students start their integration with working life as they share the same skills with the native studen ts. However, this is not the case in America since equality in schooling inputs is no longer enough to assess equity in education. After accounting for the social-economic factors of the parents of the students, PISA mathematical scale discovered that immigrants still rage behind by 30 score points to their native counterparts (Schleicher 2006). Researchers shows that immigrant students attend schools with poor learning conditions such as student-teacher ratio and that they lack in other

Professional Organizational Communication Vision Statement Essay

Professional Organizational Communication Vision Statement - Essay Example Belasen (2000) observes that whereas organizations should have a form of leadership to steer them towards achievement of their goals, this leadership could not necessarily be that obvious in some organizations. With an organization focused on attaining a specific goal, coordination plays a critical role. As such, communication forms the basis of the successful existence of an organization. Therefore, more and more organizations appreciate the importance of communication, especially where production process depend largely on teamwork and collaboration among workers from different functional groups (Belasen, 2000; King, 2009). The change in communication technologies has resulted in transformation of both organizational and work structures, making communication technologies and practices important in organizations. Figure 1 graphically portrays our organizational communication concept. Message would originate from the sender and channeled through the appropriate channel to the recipient, with various factors interfering with the communication, referred to as noise in the graphical representation. Communication is a complex and multifaceted concept in any organization. From the graphical representation of our organization’s communication concept, it would be appreciated that other than the sender and receiver of the message, the environment, the source of noise, also plays a role together with the channels. This appreciates the role of social context and structure of an organization with regards to how it influences communication. According to Downs and Adrian (2004), communication should be considered as a continuous and dynamic process. Furthermore, having analyzed various literature sources, these scholars appreciate communication as a process. This idea of process indicates the interaction of various components whose outcomes would be determined by unspecific consequences. Moreover, Hatala

The Ideal Ruler for Goldings Island Essay Example for Free

The Ideal Ruler for Goldings Island Essay * In chapter one, Ralph was given sole responsibility of chief on the island, with Jack becoming his hunters. Throughout the novel, we see things gradually begin to break up on the island, and much of this is down to Ralphs poor leadership and assertive skills. Alone, Ralph was a very poor leader, leading to the break-up and ultimately the destruction of the island. However, if the leader had all of Ralph, Jack, Piggy and Simons qualities, things could have been very different. * The first quality that an ideal chief should have is intelligence and knowledge. Ralph has never been shown as having much intelligence, or knowledge of the wider world. An example of this is where he is trying to reassure the boys of being rescued and says that the Queen has a huge map and his father in the Navy will be able to rescue them in no time. Piggy has intelligence of adult things, for example he knows what a conch is, and also about rock pools. Jack however has knowledge of practical things, such as how to gut and kill a pig. Both the scientific knowledge that Piggy has, and the practical knowledge that Jack has would help to create a perfect leader * To be a good leader, you must have a lot of assertiveness and be able to enforce the rules to people even when they do not want to follow them. Ralph was not capable of this, and an example is when Jack tried to undermine his authority by saying the conch doesnt count on this part of the island. Instead of standing up to Jack, and continuing to enforce the rules, he just accepts this. Jack however does have this quality, and this great ability to keep people in their places is shown by the twins Samneric staying rigidly in their places as Ralph tries to talk to them and bring them back to his camp. * Simon and Piggy are both very caring towards the littleuns. These qualities would be very useful in building the perfect leader, as they can do vital work towards the island as well. It is also better to keep all the people n the island happy, no matter how big or small. * To be a good leader, you must recognise other peoples strengths and find a way to use them. Ralph here makes a good leader as he can see other peoples strengths. An example of this is where he says that Jack and his choir can be hunters. Although this undermines his authority, he can see that Jack does have potential that will help the island. He could also see that Piggy had great knowledge, and although he wasnt very good at physical work, Ralph used Piggys vast knowledge to his advantage. * Simon is a very kind, gentle boy who is in touch with nature. He is willing to get on with hard work, and does not expect thanks. This would be very useful, as the world does not want leaders that need to be praised and thanked for everything they do. The world needs leaders which can get on and show that they love the world and people without constantly needing attention and thanks, as we see in Jack with his hunters saluting him after anything he says, * Simon and Ralph both hold good life-giving values. An example of this is how Ralph wants the boys to stay clean, and not wear war paint and to tidy their hair. As a leader, values are implied and so it is vital that these values are ones that will help the island to thrive. * To be an effective leader, the leader must be able to communicate. Jack is very charismatic, and is able to put a good spin on things to be able to convince his peers that his ideas and values are the correct ones. Ralph also has this ability, but begins to lose it, as we see from where he cannot make speeches without stopping and pausing, and therefore he does not communicate well towards the end as he is stumbling. On the world stage, Golding was trying to show that a world leader must be able to communicate and have charisma to get themselves out of bad situations, such as * Planning and organising is a vital part of becoming a good leader. Ralph has very good planning skills, as we know from where he plans out each part of his speech to make sure that it is effective. When they first came onto the island, Ralph also organised the signal fire and the construction of the shelters. This quality would help to form a perfect leader as the organisational skills to be rescued. On the world stage, Golding was trying to show that someone with the planning and organisation skills to be a good leader would be necessary, as often sticky situations, such as an unnecessary war arise from poor organising, such as failing to obtain the necessary evidence which would have prevented it. * In the novel, we know that Ralph and Jack are two halves of a perfect person. They both have incredible charisma, however Ralph is very concerned with organisation and planning and Jack is very concerned with hunting to provide for himself and other hunters. Piggy has so much knowledge, and is the voice of reason between the group. This quality would help to create the perfect leader, as disputes between other people on the island/in the world need to be sorted out by someone who can see reason. However he is not good at communicating, and this would need the skills of either Ralph or Jack to sort out the dispute. Simon is very spiritually aware, and is capable of getting on with a task with receiving no thanks. This quality would be very useful on the island/to the world as you often need a right hand man to help instruct the main leader who receives little or no thanks. * Looking at these points, we can see that combined, Ralph ,Jack, Piggy and Simon would all form the perfect leader if we drew only on their strengths and put aside their weaknesses. On the world stage Golding was trying to show that if we all pull together, and each draw on everyones good points but forget the bad points, we will have perfect leaders and the world will be able to get on in harmony.

Better Technology Means Better Education Essay -- Teaching Education E

Better Technology Means Better Education In recent years computers have opened many new opportunities for students and teachers. Technology has advanced past books and black boards. There are more and more computers going into schools everyday. With the world changing into a computer world teaching how do to use technology is necessary. With the new tools that teachers use learning for students is not only more interesting but, more fun. The Internet has helped education leaps and bounds. With the Internet we are able to take classes online from hundreds of miles away while still feeling like you are in the classroom. Distance learning is very accessible in this day and age. With the distance learning older people who have to work can now get educated in there own home on there own time. Also with the Internet students can research many verities of subjects in a short amount of time. New software makes learning easy for even the youngest of grades. Computers in the classroom are a vital and necessary component t o making a students education enjoyable and educational. Today’s schools are getting better equipped with technology. There are more computers going into schools than ever before. Teachers are now learning how to use computer programs to make learning easier of students. GIS [1] is a great tool to help students know their surrounding areas and any distant place that sparks their interests. Without this tool teachers would only be able to show students pictures in books but with GIS the students can interact with the environment. The students can see almost first hand on what the real world life is like. GIS not only gives a better understanding of geographic places but also, teaches the students mo... ...ry Monday threw Friday at 9 am she has calculus with Brian Snyder over the television. She is able to get college credit while still in high school! This is an opportunity that would not be possible without the advanced technology today. That is a great help to getting a great education. Computers and technology have changed education in many ways. Students now have more access to computers to utilize the vast knowledge that is out there. With helpful teaching programs students can interact with what they are learning and get a more rounded education. The Internet provides endless knowledge at the click of a button. Articles and information that once were unreachable are now in our grasp. Videoconferences and interactive television open opportunity that was thought to be impossible. The better the technology gets the better education will become.

Elderly or Old Age Stage of Development

Participant’s Cultural BackgroundThe elderly woman is a Caucasian living in the United States and has been living within the culture of the west throughout her life. Therefore, her life has not been adversely affected by other cultures. The Western culture is such that it emphasizes individualism and independence thus each person seeks autonomy through education, employment and involvement in various social activities. Information provided to me indicated that she was a teacher before she retired and involved herself in community work. In particular, her social work revolved around providing guidance and counseling services to young adults and adolescents.According to Schulz & Jutta (1996, p. 704), aging is not universal and affects people in different ways as influenced by diverse factors that the individual is exposed to, among them being education, social support, diet and nutrition. These factors mediate the process of aging thus determine the success or failure of aging. Generally, the participant had been influenced by the factors especially education, nutrition and social support. The participant had been influenced by education owing to the fact that before her retirement, she had been a teacher and lived with her family who provided her with social support and adequate nutrition.She is a Caucasian thus culturally, her family is keen on her diet and wellbeing. Setting where participant was observed I observed the participant in her home where she lives with her family for a week. I was able to make my observations constantly because the participant does not live far from where I reside. The house is medium in size and houses six people with the participant being the oldest. She lives with her son, the son’s wife and their two children as well as a nanny. There is an open back yard behind the house where there is a swimming pool and a garden with flowers and grass.The elderly woman spends most of her day in this area with the assistance of a nurse and in some occasions in the company of her son and grandchildren. She generally deals with various aging issues. For instance, she is dealing with retirement and decreased income, dealing with loss of spouse and getting ready for her own period of death. She does not engage in energy demanding activities such as walking long distances, climbing the stairs, lifting heavy objects, among others. She claims that whenever she involves herself in strenuous activities, she breathes a lot.According Leahy, Grafe and Fuzy (2004, p.  124), when people grow older, their blood circulation becomes less efficient hence they become sensitive to diverse things such as energy demanding activities and extreme temperatures. In general, I made my observations within the compound in which the participant was residing in. During my one week of observation, I did not see her travel but she always saw her family off whenever they were going out. Behaviors displayed At this stage of development, t here are a number of behavioral characteristics that can be observed in the elderly participant physically, socially and psychologically.This is because the individual is likely to have retired, thus undergone significant evolution. 92 years of age means that the person is shifting towards the end of his or her life cycle. It is often a time when they can spend time with their grandchildren, engage in leisure activities and overlook the issues that caused stress and anxiety in the prior decades. The participant was participating in some activities that enabled her to enjoy her aging. For example, in the mornings, I would see her in the garden either trying to trim the flowers, water the garden or plant more flowers in the flower pots.Although the pace of engaging in the activities was slow, she seemed to enjoy doing that work and it sometimes required the intervention of the nurse to stop her from gardening. According to Peck’s theory, during old age, an individual experience s Ego Differentiation vs. Work Role Preoccupation where the elderly individual is prone to cling to lifestyles that he or she previously lived or engage in activities that enhance their self esteem (Saxon, Saxon & Etten, 2002, p. 26). The participant had slower responses as well as reflexes.When she is asked about something, I observed that she took a while before she responded. In addition, she seemed to be forgetting various instructions within a short period of time especially in situations when the instructions or information given were verbal. I realized this after she asked my name a couple of hours after I had told her. However, she had definite memory of visual gestures because she could spot her son’s car from a distance. According to Leahy, Grafe and Fuzy (2004, p. 123), aging affects the person’s ability to remember and concentrate because it affects memory.It is difficult for the old to think fast and logically due to old age. However, the degree of memory loss differs with individuals. In most cases, the elderly often experience memory loss of recent activities whereas past activities are easily remembered. The elderly woman has lost several things ranging from independence, friends, health to family although she may have increased wisdom. The elderly are faced with some developmental tasks such as bending with declined physical energy and loss of well being. This is indicated by her behaviors such as having difficulties picking up things when they fall.For example, during one of my observations, she was walking towards the car but her hat was blown off by the wind. However, she was not able to bend and pick hence was assisted by her grandson. In addition, her reaction to the hat that had been blown off was slow in both speed and verbal response. Saxon, Saxon and Etten (2002, p. 26) point out that in the process of aging, Body Transcendence vs. Body Preoccupation influences the elderly to an extent that for older adults with the capa city to rise above preoccupation with their health, they have the ability to engage in activities that grant them individual satisfaction.Her vision, taste, hearing, and smell are quite poor. For her vision, she usually has difficulties reading and noting details in some visual objects and this explains the reason why she always wears her spectacles. She is not able to see small sized objects. For example, in case a button falls on the carpet, she cannot find it. Her taste is also poor because she always complains about food and drinks. For instance, she often complains about food having inadequate salt which is rarely the case or that the fruit juice given to her is tasteless.Her hearing has been impaired by old age because when communicating with her, one has to speak loudly or talk close to her ears. On several occasions, her grandchildren are forced to almost shout so that she can hear them. This has brought frustration to the participant owing to the fact that she finds it stre nuous to communicate with those around her. In the course of my observation, I noted that the participant did not have a good sense of smell. I made this observation when the nanny burnt the food and while everyone else was finding fault in the strange smell, she just said, â€Å"I don’t smell anything†.Schulz & Jutta (1996) point out that during aging, it is common for the elderly to loose their senses of smell, touch, taste, hearing and sight. This is attributed to the decline in the ability of the senses of the body to function adequately. In conclusion, it is evident that old age results to changes in diverse aspects of life to psychological and physical changes in the life of the elderly. Aging affects persons differently depending on factors such as nutrition, social support, education and diet.Conversely, aging generally results to a decline in the ability of the body to function due to a decline in the capacity of a number of body parts to function e. g. respir atory system, urinary system, circulatory system, nervous system, and musculoskeletal system and hence affecting the activities they get involved in. Therefore, at old age, the elderly should be well taken care of because they do not have the ability to function effectively as they used to in their previous years (Leahy, Grafe & Fuzy, 2004). References Leahy, W., Grafe, J. & Fuzy, J. L. (2004). Providing Home Care: A Textbook for Home Health Aides. Albuquerque: Hartman Publishing Inc. Saxon, V. S.S, Saxon, V. S. & Etten, M. J. (2002). Physical Change & Aging: A Guide for the Helping Professionals. New York: Springer Publishing Company Schulz, R. & Jutta, H. (1996). A Life Span of Successful Aging. Journal of American Psychologist. Vol. 51 (7), pp.702- 714

Fremont High School Discussion Essay

For my entire life of schooling, both my parents and I would agree that I constantly complained about the educational systems in which I was enrolled. But when I actually take the time to think about everything I have been through, I realize that I have indeed had an excellent education. My schooling was full of opportunities and experiences, all of which contributed to the person I am today; adequate education has been an indispensable facet of my being. Sadly, not everyone has had this same privilege. And now as a college student, I am becoming even more aware of this sad fact. Looking around me in such a diverse city as Chicago, I find myself being more and more grateful. When I read Jonathan Kozol’s Fremont High School, this these feelings were even more reassured. Here in his writing, Kozol shares his experiences with students and teachers while visiting Fremont High School in Los Angeles, California. From the beginning, Kozol set the mood for the piece by describing the lackluster conditions of the buildings. He described the lack of sufficient classroom space by saying that â€Å"nearly a third of all the classrooms in the school, were located in portables†¦ took place in converted storage closets† (Kozol 641). By beginning his written tour of this school with these vivid descriptions, Kozol instantly placed me inside both the school and a depressing atmosphere. The images painted in my head by this account were tragic, yet sadly too real. When he interviewed students, one in particular captured both Kozol’s heart and mine. While reading his interview with Mireya, I could just picture the girl: Intelligent, ambitious, and more than willing to use her voice. Unfortunately, along with those qualities, I saw the frustration and tension caused by being underprivileged. While I might have complained about the lack of an AP class that I was interested in, I was again reminded of my luck when Mireya discussed her interest in simply wanting â€Å"†¦ to take an AP class† (Kozol 645). What was even more disturbing to picture was how the school’s lack of proper funding caused students to be pressured into enrolling in non-academic classes, such as sewing and hair-dressing II. Finally, the sadness in that classroom was brought to a climax when I could both see and feel the â€Å"programing† within the students’ minds. When Mireya was talking about her reluctance to take the sewing class, a boy named Fortino said, â€Å"You’re ghetto†¦ so we send you o the factory†¦ you’re ghetto – so you sew! † (Kozol 645). Even though he was probably speaking sarcastically out of his own frustrations, Fortino’s words cut deep. I am aware that there are better and worse high schools out there than Fremont High School. And yet, reading Kozol’s account of the terrible conditions that are endured by these students made me feel more aware of the severity of improper or inadequate education that poorly funded schools provide. All of these problems, alongside my awareness of my fortunate years of education, make me wonder, just as Mireya did, as to why, â€Å"†¦ [students] who need it so much more get so much less? † (Kozol 648). Interestingly, I have little to comment on Kozol’s actual writing style, even though he wrote this account of his. I was just so attached to the characters within that school that I wanted to be able to reach out somehow; Kozol definitely achieved something very touching here. Works Cited Kozol, Jonathan. â€Å"Fremont High School. † The Norton Field Guide to Writing. 2nd ed. New York, London: W. W. Norton & Company,, 2010. 641-48. Print.

Impact of Lipitor Patent Expiry on Pfizer. Essay Example

Impact of Lipitor Patent Expiry on Pfizer. Essay Example Impact of Lipitor Patent Expiry on Pfizer. Paper Impact of Lipitor Patent Expiry on Pfizer. Paper IMPACT OF LIPITOR PATENT EXPIRY ON PFIZER. TABLE OF CONTENTSPAGE NO Executive Summary3 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Introduction4 1. 2 What is Lipitor5 1. 3Expiry of Lipitor patent5-6 CHAPTER 2: CHALLENGERS 2. 1 Challengers6 2. 2 Pfizer’s strategies7 CHAPTER 3:FINANCIAL IMPACT ON PFIZER AS LIPITOR GOES GENERIC 8-9 Recommendations10 Conclusion11 Executive summary: This report is about the impact of patent termination of Lipitor on Pfizer pharmaceutical company. Lipitor has been in the market since 1997 and is the mother of all drugs. wsj_live, 2011) As of November 30th 2011 Pfizer lost the patent of Lipitor opening path to generic competitors for America’s most popular medication and now all generic producing companies will be able get hold of the patent and produce their own stock legally. Pfizer was the first to earn 11$ billion in a year selling Lipitor and 130 $ billion over the patent’s life Lipitor is responsible for the one sixth sales of Pfizer. Due to the patent expiration of the drug Lipitor now other generic producing companies will be able to produce the drug and sell it at much lower rate than Lipitor which is a branded drug. Lipitor is a blockbuster drug of Pfizer which is responsible for making a huge profit and has kept the company at the no1 position. Until now Pfizer was the sole producer and enjoyed the monopoly of the drug. As Lipitor goes generic the rates of the drug are falling down massively so as to keep the current users of the drug to continue it. Pfizer is putting up a fight with all generic producing companies and as it is the best marketing pharmaceutical company in the world it is using strategies to keep the sales up and to make the consumers eep using Lipitor even after the expiration. It is good news for the consumers but not so much for the pharmaceutical industry. Lipitor is a blockbuster drug which going generic is a very big deal in the world of pharmaceuticals; it has been responsible for making a 27% of total sales revenue for all biopharmaceuticals. Pfizer is the best marketing pharmaceutical company in the world which is why it will squeeze out all of the value of the brand by using all strategies which are applicable in this case. It has a lot of challengers who have been waiting to get an opportunity to start producing the generic version of Lipitor like Ranbaxy and Watson pharmaceutical who have the approval to produce the generic Lipitor for 180 days after the patent expiry. While Pfizer thanking on the fact that the price difference between the branded and generic will not be much for the first six months. (sanburn, 2011) Pfizer is hoping for all the current users of Lipitor to remain loyal to the brand and at the same time is negotiating and made deals with sellers to have them sell Lipitor in the market at the generic prices. wsj_live, 2011) The impact on Pfizer financially is at large in the start but due to its solid financial risk and excellent business risk profile it will be able to withstand the loss in the coming time. The investors are warned at expecting lower numbers and with plans to stabilize them in a short period of time. It is a very complex situation but due to Pfizer’s creative pr ocess to deal with the situation it will help to bring the numbers up. With the patent expiry of Lipitor it is challenging to present the investors with the numbers Pfizer has hit before but it’s not impossible. philippidis, 2011) INTRODUCTION: PFIZER is the world’s largest pharmaceutical company. It was created in the year 1849 by Charles Pfizer and company, a chemical business; over the last century it has associated itself with developing trends to become a research-based pharmaceutical company. The penicillin used during the World War 2 was produced was Pfizer. The company is situated in New York with its research department in Groton, Connecticut, united states. It owns the best cholesterol lowering drug Lipitor and has other 14 blockbuster drugs. In the first year it generated revenues of 67. 8$ billion and net income of 8. 26$ billion. (philippidis, 2011)Pfizer is the largest player in the pharmaceutical market having the best power in marketing and forming associations. It also posts the highest dividends in the industry. Pfizer faces challenges common to all pharmaceutical companies such as patent expiration and FDA regulation. It is dedicated to applying science and global resources to progress health and well-being at every stage of life. Subsidiary members are Agouron pharmaceuticals, G. D Searle company, Greenstone, Park- Davis, Wyeth, Pharmacia, Upjohn, Warner lambert. (control, 2011) Pfizer‘s ceo Ian Reid announced that company would dissociate substantial portions of the company with the aim to focus on pharmaceuticals. Its business is divided into two divisions which are biopharmaceutical with 86% of revenues which consists of primary care, speciality care, established products, emerging markets and oncology. The diversified makes 14% of revenues which consists of consumer healthcare, animal health, nutrition among others. Some major products of biopharmaceutical (86%of total revenue) are; (sanburn, 2011) Lipitor- statin that decreases LDL levels, best-selling and and the most important for Pfizer as it contributes significantly to the growth of the company. However, the patent expired opening it to competition with the generic drugs. Enbrel- for arthritis, plaque psoriasis ankylosing spondiltis. this with the purchase of Wyeth was the largest drug acquired with Pfizer. Lyrica- used for the treatment of epilepsy9most successful pharmaceutical launches of Pfizer. Also used for treating central nerve pain and anxiety disorder. Prevnar- for invasive pneumonia. Celebrex- used for arthritis joint pain. Viagra-Important drug for Pfizer lost its patent in 2010. It’s used for erectile dysfunction. Norvasc- most prescribed branded medicine for lowering blood pressure. Pfizer has an enormous RD budget spending 9. 48$ billion in 2010 for research and development purposes. LIPITOR (GENERIC NAME IS ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM) Lipitor is the mother of all drugs. It is a statin that is used to lower cholesterol levels. Pfizer best-selling drug and the world’s largest selling drug. It is sold in 10, 20, 40 or 80mg. Lipitor came in the market in 1997 and collected in 100$ billion even in a crowded market containing many other cholesterol lowering statins many of them have already gone generic. Pfizer’s sales from Lipitor have made 11$billion in a year which is about one-sixth of Pfizer’s total sales. 8. 7 million American’s use Lipitor to lower their cholesterol levels. Lipitor contributes significantly for the growth of Pfizer; it is one of its blockbuster drugs. It has been the most profitable prescription drug in the history with millions of users. It is a big change for the consumers and for the world of pharmaceutical companies. EXPIRY OF LIPITOR’S PATENT: Lipitor has been in the market since 1997 being the only drug available in the market for lowering cholesterol levels but Pfizer lost patent rights of Lipitor on nov30th 2011 making pathway for the generic competitors for America’s most popular medication. Pfizer made an 11$ billion in 2010 worldwide selling Lipitor and a 130$billion over the patents life. Lipitor is one of the blockbuster drugs of Pfizer. After patent expiry of Lipitor other generic producers will be able to produce it and sell it at a much cheaper rate making it lose it exclusivity. The most profitable drug in the history loses its exclusivity after being in the market for 14 yrs. Pfizer took a hit of 4% or 1. 5 $billion due to patent expiration of Lipitor. (time, 2011) Before patent expiration it cost 5$ a pill for the consumers but after patent termination it has come down to 4$ per month, it is likely to reduce much further in the next coming 6 months in which there would be a price war. People will now be able to buy Lipitor for 80% off its original cost. Lipitor global sales were 10$ billion last year and they are to go as low as 3. 2$ billion in the year 2012. cnbc news, 2011) Pfizer has already lost exclusivity of Lipitor in Brazil, Mexico, Canada, and Spain last year but is still making revenues from the developing countries. Pfizer is forced to sell their branded drug Lipitor at generic prices as the patent ends. Now any pharmaceutical company can get hold of the patent and manufacture their own stock legally. Pfizer enjoyed the monopoly of the drug for all these yrs. and was the sole producer of the drug Lipitor until November 2011. Pfizer has been able to maintain its global no1 ranking for years because of Lipitor sales. THE CHALLENGERS: There are many generic drug making companies around the world. Ranbaxy India’s largest generic drug maker had to settle proceedings with Pfizer back in 2008 who has won the rights to sell the drug exclusively for the next six months after the patent expiration. Ranbaxy got the approval from the food and drug administration (FDA) to make the generic version of the drug Lipitor which will be manufactured in New Brunswick at the ohm laboratories and will be sharing its profit with Teva pharmaceuticals for the first six months. After six months another authorised generic version of Lipitor will be sold by Watson pharmaceuticals that have an exclusive agreement with Pfizer, according to which Pfizer will manufacture and sell generic Lipitor to Watson for the next five years. But those generics won’t be significantly cheaper than Lipitor if at all. (narayan, 2011) After the Ranbaxy settlement several other legal issues were resolved with generic drug making companies which were looking in for some action which included Mylan, Teva pharmaceuticals and one of the most recent was Dr. Reddy’s laboratories. philippidis, 2011) Teva pharmaceutical company clashed with Pfizer for quite some time but then on October 7 both decided that Teva would not sell generic Lipitor in the UK market till the expiration of the drug in the country which is still may 2012. More generics mean more competition and fewer sales . PFIZER STRATEGIES: Lipitor has made millions in profit for Pfizer therefore Pfizer using an ex tensive plan to keep its 10 million patients using Lipitor to stay on it. Pfizer is fighting against all generic producing companies to keep the Lipitor sales as high as possible. Pfizer strategy to prevail the loss of patent rights of its bestselling drug Lipitor has resulted in making deals to sustain a part of 11 billion annual sales from Lipitor and to hold on to the exclusivity of the drug in the market. Deals like, ? Drug-benefit agencies providing discounts to the patients for prolonged use of the drug even after the patent termination. ?Making it available over the counter to stand the attack expected from generics. ?Negotiations made with insurance providers blocking pharmacies from making generic version of Lipitor available to the patients. (wsj_live, 2011) ? Providing patients with discount cards so they can purchase the drug for 4$ a month (25$ lower from the average co-pay for a brand name drug) (sanburn, 2011) ? Paying pharmacies to mail patients with a 4$ copay card and to continue it. (wsj_live, 2011) ? Deals made with catalyst health insurance Inc. and Coventry health care Inc. to not let the generic version of Lipitor gets into the hands of customers until next summer. ?And Pfizer made deals with other health care companies will keep Lipitor at a low price for the next 6 months. ?Pfizer negotiated terms with Medco health solutions Inc. to supply Lipitor through its direct mail services. Pfizer’s lipitor. com website is another online channel set up to sell Lipitor. ?Pfizer’s program called â€Å"Lipitor for you† according to which the drug is delivered to your house, focusing on the consumers. Pfizer being the best marketing pharmaceutical company in the world will do everything to squeeze out every possible v alue from the brand. From each 90 day supply of Lipitor Pfizer will make a profit of 100$ from the usual 225$ which it made before the market opened to generics. If the manufacturing companies were to scale back their marketing campaign profits for Pfizer could stay up. Due to the new changes in the statin market it could be a win-win situation for all as consumers have the option to stay on the original Lipitor which is available at cut off prices and also the benefit to the consumers from low cost generics. Pfizer is using a very creative process to deal with this complex situation. (sanburn, 2011) FINANCIAL IMPACT ON PFIZER AS LIPITOR GOES GENERIC: After 14 years world’s most profitable prescription drug goes generic with many people using it for all these years (newshour, as patent of lipitor expires is era of blockbuster drugs over, 2011). Pfizer has made 130$ billion over Lipitor’s patent life. A Lipitor pill cost about 5$ a pill while costing only a dime to make it has come down to costing 4$ a month, it has come down and will initially fall lower then that. As generic are as good as branded drugs that is why people would choose to buy the low cost generic version of the drug. Lipitor roughly is responsible for one sixth of Pfizer’s total sales. (sanburn, 2011) Pfizer’s sales in 2010 were 67. 8$billion while after the expiration of Lipitor the sales forecast in 2012 will be as low as 63 to 63. $ billion. (dupont, 2011)Lipitor’s sales were 10$ billion in 2010 and in 2012 they are forecasted to be down to 3. 8$ billion. Lipitor which costs 120$ a month will fall down 30% in December 10 to 20% more than the usual drop of price when a patent expires of a drug. Pfizer will not be able to compensate the drop of price in short term but Pfizer maintaining the solid minimal financial risk and excel lent business risk profile will be able to withstand the revenue loss in the next 2 years. Lipitor’s sales have been downsizing since the last few years, in 2006 it accounted for 27% of total biopharmaceuticals revenues by making sales of 12. 9$ billion in that year, while coming down to 11. 4$billion in 2009 , yet at 10. 7$billion in sales worldwide while US alone responsible for 5. 3$billion in sales. Lipitor has been the best prescription drug sold all around the world and Pfizer’s best blockbuster drug for years. The drug alone accounted for 18% revenues of biopharmaceutical worldwide. (philippidis, 2011) Pfizer’s EPS investors losing 3% or gaining 1%over last year’s 2. 3$. EPS is expected to fall somewhere between 2. 16 to 2. 26$. Pfizer lowers the RD spending this year to 8 to 8. 5$ billion from 9. 4$ billion in year 2010. Before the companies merger between Wyeth and Pfizer of 65$ billion, RD spending were 11$ billion in the year 2009. pfizer has warned the investors to expect lower number in the year 2012 with the revenue ranging between 62. 2$ to 64. 7$billion which is 5% at the lower end and 3% at the higher end. RD to fall again after every guidance. Pfizer expects the EPS to bounce back 2. 25 to 2. 35 which is up 4% at both ends. Without a blockbuster drug like Lipitor it is challenging to present investors with numbers that Pfizer has hit before. Lipitor has been the blockbuster drug of Pfizer for years making it a very successful company and is responsible for the growth of the company keeping it at the no1 position for years. (philippidis, 2011) RECOMMENDATIONS: As the situation is complex and Pfizer should use a very creative way to deal with the situation so as to maintain the sales of Lipitor in the market and to have all the current consumers to continue with the drug even at a low rate as the generics. The drug is clinically approved and the most reliable which is used for low cholesterol. The same formulation drug which will be available at a low rate after the expiry of the patent, therefore the company should make deals with generic producers of Lipitor where they will agree to sell the drug which will be manufactured by Pfizer for a certain period of time, likely for the first 6 months pricing it to the same value as the other generic versions of Lipitor. And to use marketing strategies which would help in making the consumers use the best medicine which has been used for the past 14 years and is known all around the world as the best and most profitable prescription drug. The generic Lipitor will be manufactured by Pfizer and will be sold all around the world through different generic making pharmaceutical companies where Pfizer will also supply the drug to the companies at a lower rate. The supply cost of the drug to the companies will be lower than the other companies. Pfizer can use the drugs which are still in the pipeline and make another blockbuster drug which will not be able to take place of Lipitor but would help in increasing the revenues of the company and make up for the loss of profit from the lowering of the prices of Lipitor. at present having no other blockbuster drug to fill that hole is creating problems and Pfizer trying to hang on to all the revenues that can come from Lipitor, therefore it’s important to pay attention to making another blockbuster available in the market as soon as possible to compensate the loses. Pfizer can make deals with other pharmaceutical companies also to sell their drug without the brand label and in turn share the revenues with them. it costs less than a dime to make a pill and now saving on the costs of advertising and marketing the branded drug will also be saved, which would help in making more deals to sell the drug in the market. Making agreements with all the generic producers which are vast in number all around the world and to get them to give a percentage or royalty on the sale of that then Pfizer will be benefitting from all those companies. CONCLUSION: After a patent of a drug expires it is assumed that the drug will vanish after that from the market but Pfizer has fought and will continue to fight for Lipitor and will stay with it, as it has been proved by the company by using all types of strategies and making deals and programs to keep the sales up and protecting it from vanishing. All efforts have been made by Pfizer to stave off initial competition by offering Lipitor at the same price as the generic equivalents that are to flood the market. Due to the limited competition in the start as only two companies have got the approval to produce the generic Lipitor, it will be easy for Pfizer to keep the market for Lipitor users and to be able to still maintain sales of the drug in the market. The company has also cut the co-pays of all the eligible patients to as low as 4$ a prescription which is for branded Lipitor and also it will cover up to 50% for a co-payment of every prescription through December 2012. It is too early to know if the approach used by Pfizer will benefit or not after 6 months and if Pfizer will continue to fight with all other generic makers after that period as that would result in lowering the prices even further more which would not be profitable for Pfizer. (linda a. johanson, 2011) In conclusion of this report it can be said that the impact of the patent expiration of Lipitor has proven to be a very complex matter and the company has taken ever possible step towards reducing this impact and will continue to do so in the future. Pfizer the best marketing pharmaceutical company in the world and it will be able to fight with other generic making companies at least for the first 6 months due to the limited competition. (wsj_live, 2011) Pfizer is not ready to let their gig money maker go down without a fight and will continue to do so even after generics hit the market. Lipitor is not going to just exit stage left, as it is the expiration of US biggest drug in history. REFERENCES: Bibliography pfizers big problem: lipitor patent expiration. (2011, november 15th). Retrieved december 11, 2011, from pharmacytimes. com: pharmacytimes. com/blogs/redheaded-pharmacist/1111/Pfizers-Big-Problem-Lipitor-Patent-Expiration agustino fontevecchia. (2011, august 2nd). pfizer suffer loss of exclusivity, braces itself lipitor expiration. Retrieved december 10th, 2011, from forbes. com: forbes. com/sites/afontevecchia/2011/08/02/pfizer-suffers-loss-of-exclusivity-braces-itself-for-lipitor-expiration/ brian o. relly, p. (2011, november 30th). three things more important to pfizer than losing lipitor.

George Washington Carver, Agricultural Chemist

George Washington Carver, Agricultural Chemist George Washington Carver (January 1, 1864–January 5, 1943) was an agricultural chemist who discovered 300 uses for peanuts as well as hundreds of uses for soybeans, pecans, and sweet potatoes. His work provided a much needed boost to southern farmers who benefited economically from his recipes and improvements to adhesives, axle grease, bleach, buttermilk, chili sauce, fuel briquettes, ink, instant coffee, linoleum, mayonnaise, meat tenderizer, metal polish, paper, plastic, pavement, shaving cream, shoe polish, synthetic rubber, talcum powder, and wood stain. Fast Facts: George Washington Carver Known For: Agricultural chemist who discovered 300 uses for peanuts as well as hundreds of uses for other cropsAlso Known As: The Plant Doctor, The Peanut ManBorn: January 1, 1864  in Diamond, MissouriParents: Giles and Mary CarverDied: January 5, 1943  in Tuskegee, AlabamaEducation: Iowa State University  (BA, 1894; MS, 1896)Published Works: Carver published 44 agricultural bulletins laying out his findings, while at the Tuskegee Institute, as well as numerous articles in peanut industry journals and a syndicated newspaper column, Professor Carvers Advice.Awards and Honors: The George Washington Carver Monument was established in 1943 west of Diamond, Missouri on the plantation where Carver was born. Carver appeared on U.S. commemorative postal stamps in 1948 and 1998, as well as a commemorative half dollar coin minted between 1951 and 1954, and many schools bear his name, as well as two United States military vessels.  Notable Quote: No books ever go into my laboratory. The thing I am to do and the way are revealed to me the moment I am inspired to create something new. Without God to draw aside the curtain, I would be helpless. Only alone can I draw close enough to God to discover His secrets. Early Life Carver was born on Jan. 1, 1864 near Diamond Grove, Missouri on the farm of Moses Carver. He was born into difficult and changing times near the end of the Civil War. The infant Carver and his mother were kidnapped by Confederate night-raiders and possibly sent away to Arkansas. Moses found and reclaimed Carver after the war, but his mother had disappeared forever. The identity of Carvers father remains unknown, although he believed his father was a slave from a neighboring farm. Moses and his wife reared Carver and his brother as their own children. It was on the Moses farm that Carver first fell in love with nature and collected in earnest all manner of rocks and plants, earning him the nickname The Plant Doctor. Education Carver began his formal education at the age of 12, which required him to leave the home of his adopted parents. Schools were segregated by race at that time and schools for black students werent available near Carvers home. He moved to Newton County in southwest Missouri, where he worked as a farmhand and studied in a one-room schoolhouse. He went on to attend Minneapolis High School in Kansas. College entrance was also a struggle because of racial barriers. At the age of 30, Carver gained acceptance to Simpson College in Indianola, Iowa, where he was the first black student. Carver studied piano and art but the college did not offer science classes. Intent on a science career, he later transferred to Iowa Agricultural College (now Iowa State University) in 1891, where he gained a Bachelor of Science degree in 1894 and a Master of Science degree in bacterial botany and agriculture in 1896. Carver became a member of the faculty of the Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanics (he was the first black faculty member at the Iowa college), where he taught classes about soil conservation and chemurgy. Tuskegee Institute In 1897, Booker T. Washington, founder of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute for Negroes, convinced Carver to come south and serve as the schools director of agriculture, where he remained until his death in 1943. At Tuskegee, Carver developed his crop rotation method, which revolutionized southern agriculture. He educated the farmers on methods to alternate the soil-depleting cotton crops with soil-enriching crops such as peanuts, peas, soybeans, sweet potato, and pecans. Americas economy was heavily dependent upon agriculture during this era, making Carvers achievements very significant. Decades of growing only cotton and tobacco had depleted the southern region of the United States. The economy of the farming South had also been devastated during the Civil War years and by the fact that the cotton and tobacco plantations could no longer use slave labor. Carver convinced southern farmers to follow his suggestions and helped the region to recover. Carver also worked at developing industrial applications from agricultural crops. During World War I, he found a way to replace the textile dyes formerly imported from Europe. He produced dyes of 500 different shades and was responsible for the invention of a process for producing paints and stains from soybeans. For that, he received three separate patents. Later Years and Death After finding fame, Carver toured the nation to promote his findings as well as the importance of agriculture and science in general for the rest of his life. He also wrote a syndicated newspaper column, Professor Carvers Advice, explaining his inventions and other agricultural topics. In 1940, Carver donated his life savings to establish the Carver Research Foundation at Tuskegee for continuing research in agriculture. Carver died on Jan. 5, 1943, at the age of 78 after falling down the stairs at his home. He was buried next to Booker T. Washington on the Tuskegee Institute grounds.   Legacy Carver was widely recognized for his achievements and contributions. He was given an honorary doctorate from Simpson College, named an honorary member of the Royal Society of Arts in London, England, and received the Spingarn Medal given every year by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. In 1939, he received the Roosevelt medal for restoring southern agriculture. On July 14, 1943, The George Washington Carver Monument was established west of Diamond, Missouri, on the plantation where Carver was born and lived as a child. President Franklin Roosevelt provided $30,000 for the 210-acre complex, which includes a statue of Carver as well as a nature trail, museum, and cemetery. Additionally, Carver appeared on U.S. commemorative postal stamps in 1948 and 1998, as well as a commemorative half dollar coin minted between 1951 and 1954. Many schools bear his name, as do two United States military vessels. Carver did not patent or profit from most of his products. He freely gave his discoveries to mankind. His work transformed the South from being a one-crop land of cotton to a region of multi-crop farmlands, with farmers having hundreds of profitable uses for their new crops. Perhaps the best summary of his legacy is the epitaph that appears on his gravesite: He could have added fortune to fame, but caring for neither, he found happiness and honor in being helpful to the world. Sources â€Å"Distinguished Alumni | Iowa State University Admissions.†Ã‚  Admissions, iastate.edu.â€Å"George Washington Carver.†Ã‚  Biography.com, AE Networks Television, 17 Apr. 2019.â€Å"George Washington Carver Publications from the Tuskegee Institute Bulletin, 1911-1943 3482.†Ã‚  George Washington Carver Publications from the Tuskegee Institute Bulletin, 1911-1943.â€Å"Learn About the Park.†Ã‚  National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.Kettler, Sara. â€Å"7 Facts on George Washington Carver.†Ã‚  Biography.com, AE Networks Television, 12 Apr. 2016.

The high salaries paid to CEOs are not justified. To what extent do Essay

The high salaries paid to CEOs are not justified. To what extent do you agree with this statement - Essay Example The high compensations are in the forms of high salary, bonuses or stock plans. The performance of the CEO has no quantifiable effect on corporations’ performances as the remuneration has little or no effect on the performance of the CEO (Lys, Rusticus and Sletten, 2007). As mentioned above, the only quantifiable effect is the widening gap between them and the other management people on whom the CEOs depend to produce positive performance of the company. In an article in Business Week, during the 1980s the average pay of a CEO was 42 times more than the hourly wage paid to a worker (Finch and Bowers, 2009). As the business entered the 1990 era, this multiplication grew to 85 times more than average hourly pay of a worker which reached the astonishing height of 531 times in 2000 (Finch and Bowers, 2009). What caused this hike in the salary of the CEOs and was this hike justifiable? This question remains unanswered to this day although many studies have been carried out on a lin k between CEO performance, company performance and the pay scale. Researchers such as Daines, Nair and Kornhauser (2005) tried to define measurements for CEO skill. They wanted to isolate the specific factor for CEO competence that can be used to justify the compensation and company performance. According to Daines, Nair, and Kornhauser (2005), the performance of any corporation does not depend only on the CEO skills or performance but also depends on other factors such as the economy, regulations, and conditions of the industry and so on. They hypothesized that a company managed by a skilled CEO should be performing better than the competitors in its industry. This hypothesis is based on the belief that if a company is managed by a poor CEO, the company’s performance will be poor and vice versa. The results of this research were informative. The economic performance and CEO salaries for the years 1990-2002 were studied which showed that small business

Surprise Ending Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Surprise Ending - Essay Example to get rid of unwanted children while solving perpetual poverty due to so many pregnancies and births that cannot be supported by a poor economy but he actually wanted reforms to be introduced. He was an Irish nationalist and patriot (Fox, 2003, p. 70) and saw the sorry state of his country. The surprise ending in Swifts proposal is that after talking at length about the benefits and virtues of cannibalism for unwanted kids, he turned around by saying how repugnant such a move would be. Swift effectively contradicted himself at the point where he hinted such a course is improbable because male kids have tough meat as their flesh are lean from continual exercise and would require boiling for a long time while the female kids would likewise be unsuitable as they are intended to be breeders in the future; that such actions would border on cruelty. The author succeeded supremely in convincing any reader with his alternative solutions as anything short of cannibalism is indeed most welcome than engaging in such abhorrent action. He succeeded by shocking his readers and raising their awareness about over-population; by his extreme proposals, he primed the people to accept his more sensible alternatives by forcing the politicians to take cognizance of a festering problem and implement the appropriate remedies. His satire of the Irish political economy was a challenge to its politicians to find new solutions. A key to delivering his political messages was use of various figures of speech such as metaphor, simile, innuendos and euphemisms to avoid trouble with the English authorities, as Shakespeare had done before him but still managed to engage his audience (Ray, 2008, p. 168) with the use of colorful and rich language. Jonathan Swift despaired at the failure of the feudalistic structure of Ireland to ably support its growing population, with its poor tenants but very rich landlords. This was before the advent of capitalism during the Industrial Revolution (1750-1850)

Shute article is at pages 445-458 Crim. L.R 2002, June Coursework

Shute article is at pages 445-458 Crim. L.R 2002, June - Coursework Example In 1997 she was charged with six counts of theft, five counts covering moneys withdrawn and one count of a television set transferred by Mr. Dolphin to the appellant. In November the appellant was tried. The prosecution claimed that the appellant had prejudiced and coerced Mr. Dolphin to make the withdrawals from his account into hers. Evidence produced included documents with the summary of the flow of the funds. Further, Building society employees’ testimonies about the frequent visits by the appellant and Mr. Dolphin to effect the withdrawals was also included. The appellant was claimed to have done most of the talking. A doctor also assessed Mr. Dolphin's I.Q. and found it to be low, claiming that Mr. Dolphin was capable of living a normal and undemanding life. He described him to be naive and trusting so much and as well one with no ideas of the value of his assets or the ability to calculate their value. Although, he acknowledged that Mr. Dolphin would be competent in ma king a gift and understood the concept of ownership. He also thought that Mr. Dolphin was capable of making the decision to deprive himself of money, but that it was unlikely that he could make the decision alone. The appellant denied having no money except a check for a loan. In civil law, transactions that are renderer voidable are transactions involving minor, mental impaired persons, those entered into through duress, undue influence, mistake or misrepresentation. In this case, the transaction was therefore voidable in civil law as Mr. Dolphin was mentally incapacitated. In law, for a gift to be valid, it depends on three things, that is delivery, the intent to donate, and acceptance when done. Although, the court also evaluates to make sure that there is actuality, to make sure that one was not defrauded by the donor, coerced to make the gift, or powerfully prejudiced in an unfair manner. There has to be an intent to deliver the title to the donor. In equity, to make a gift, on e has to reassign legal title to the donee. Law cannot then step in to help if one has not complied with the formalities necessary to transfer legal title to hold on trust for the beneficiary. On her appeal, Hinks grounds were that there was no appropriation since she acquired a perfectly valid gift. The Court of Appeal rejected this ground, stating that the issue that had been made a valid gift was irrelevant to the question of whether there had been an appropriation. Indeed, it held that a gift may be evidence of an appropriation. According to LJ Rose, Section 1 of the Theft Act 1968 does not require that there has been no gift, but merely that there has been an appropriation. Such an approach would be inconsistent with the cases of Lawrence v Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1972] A.C. 626 and R v. Gomez [1993] A.C. 442. The state of mind of the donor is irrelevant. It was said that the authorities maintain a strong distinction between the separate ingredients of dishonesty and Appropriation. Shute,1 makes arguments concerning the issue of theft and appropriation. He puts forth the following points; The case sets up a conflict between the criminal and civil law. The law appears to be hypothetical, by telling Hinks that she received a valid gift in civil law, but stole it in criminal law. Steyn LJ, in the majority decision, accepted a possible conflict, but stated that this was acceptable, due to the different goals that civil and criminal laws have. The civil law